http://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DavidMontanariCASE - User contributions [en]2026-04-16T18:16:49ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.25.2http://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5258PHY695 fall 20252025-12-19T15:05:11Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_R/view?usp=sharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvX/view?usp=sharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5250PHY695 fall 20252025-12-05T01:20:46Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_RX/view?usp=sharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvXX/view?usp=sharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5249PHY695 fall 20252025-12-05T01:20:09Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_R/view?usp=Xsharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvX/view?usp=Xsharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5248PHY695 fall 20252025-12-05T01:19:30Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/Xfile/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_R/view?usp=sharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/Xfile/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvX/view?usp=sharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5247PHY695 fall 20252025-12-05T01:19:09Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https:X//drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_R/view?usp=sharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https:X//drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvX/view?usp=sharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5246PHY695 fall 20252025-12-05T01:18:41Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[XXXhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_R/view?usp=sharingXXX Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[XXXhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvX/view?usp=sharingXXX Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5245PHY695 fall 20252025-12-05T01:15:24Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_R/view?usp=sharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvX/view?usp=sharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5244PHY695 fall 20252025-12-05T01:15:08Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_R/view?usp=sharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvX/view?usp=sharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5243PHY695 fall 20252025-12-04T20:29:54Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5242PHY695 fall 20252025-12-04T14:14:49Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5228PHY695 fall 20252025-11-21T01:21:43Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5227PHY695 fall 20252025-11-20T17:05:35Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5220PHY695 fall 20252025-11-14T05:12:43Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5219PHY695 fall 20252025-11-14T05:12:30Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 27, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5218PHY695 fall 20252025-11-14T05:12:11Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5213PHY695 fall 20252025-11-12T07:37:39Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5212PHY695 fall 20252025-11-12T07:31:23Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5211PHY695 fall 20252025-11-12T07:30:02Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 13, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5201PHY695 fall 20252025-11-08T08:20:27Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 13, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5199PHY695 fall 20252025-11-06T20:41:38Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 13, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5195PHY695 fall 20252025-10-31T13:32:58Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 13, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5194PHY695 fall 20252025-10-31T08:02:23Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 13, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5193PHY695 fall 20252025-10-31T07:57:44Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 13, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5192PHY695 fall 20252025-10-29T14:56:36Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5189PHY695 fall 20252025-10-23T13:34:35Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5188PHY695 fall 20252025-10-22T20:33:45Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5183PHY695 fall 20252025-10-10T01:01:19Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5178PHY695 fall 20252025-10-08T04:02:11Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5174PHY695 fall 20252025-10-04T07:37:48Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5173PHY695 fall 20252025-10-01T15:40:40Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5172PHY695 fall 20252025-10-01T15:25:56Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5171PHY695 fall 20252025-10-01T15:21:45Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xV-7FjzsUlIIs7MbPLUiuGCHZ3pjXEKM/view?usp=sharing Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5168PHY695 fall 20252025-09-28T12:47:54Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ngoV5dWoly23nUVLwGhUPDzXhaxK0mAx/view?usp=sharing Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5164PHY695 fall 20252025-09-24T07:23:05Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bksfoJStevdDWmTk55h3o1-VG1S6GxSA/view?usp=sharing Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5161PHY695 fall 20252025-09-19T18:45:22Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 30, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5160PHY695 fall 20252025-09-19T17:54:07Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5155PHY695 fall 20252025-09-17T04:28:56Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NaNT8ya8ME9OjtY3ikFp7QGMoBWBvhzY/view?usp=sharing Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5151PHY695 fall 20252025-09-13T05:12:55Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added Homework 5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5150PHY695 fall 20252025-09-13T05:11:04Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5149PHY695 fall 20252025-09-13T05:07:56Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 30, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5148PHY695 fall 20252025-09-12T05:55:21Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5147PHY695 fall 20252025-09-12T05:52:18Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NgwN09jrD2dM3Wrn_WX4CggloJj-Ok7Z/view?usp=sharing Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5140PHY695 fall 20252025-09-05T05:40:51Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/125oXb-KXHs4lJLmw7Y29mmIho4tiilYy/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: Cryogenic Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited] - Same link as Lecture 24'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5134PHY695 fall 20252025-09-03T04:23:51Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lp_FylUZwPERn0b1i_Y38zVmrWfOq0WE/view?usp=sharing Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: Cryogenic Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited] - Same link as Lecture 24'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5123PHY695 fall 20252025-08-29T05:46:39Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UPIECjdrOb3lElxFAYG3eyVf5rwsdm8n/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: Cryogenic Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited] - Same link as Lecture 24'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5122PHY695 fall 20252025-08-29T05:40:25Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LOOLsRTRwgRA7gVPEPF4MXx0lXxE-eTG/view?usp=sharing Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-cM4EDWe8XUM0ls-fc5IO1EmFCZnrZ-f/view?usp=drive_link Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: Cryogenic Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited] - Same link as Lecture 24'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5121PHY695 fall 20252025-08-29T05:39:32Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Homework */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LOOLsRTRwgRA7gVPEPF4MXx0lXxE-eTG/view?usp=sharing Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: Cryogenic Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited] - Same link as Lecture 24'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5115PHY695 fall 20252025-08-27T06:10:57Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* Lecture Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LOOLsRTRwgRA7gVPEPF4MXx0lXxE-eTG/view?usp=sharing Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1BrszZeeK_2CmtxhhIz5oT2mYvSjtrvwF?usp=sharing Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: Cryogenic Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited] - Same link as Lecture 24'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=PHY695_fall_2025&diff=5110PHY695 fall 20252025-08-20T17:11:21Z<p>DavidMontanari: Created page with "<table width=75% border=1> <tr> <th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th> <th align=center>Instructors</th> </tr> <tr><td align=left valign=center> <!--..."</p>
<hr />
<div><table width=75% border=1><br />
<tr><br />
<th width=80% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th><br />
<th align=center>Instructors</th><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><td align=left valign=center><br />
<!-------------------------------add date and time --------------------------><br />
* '''When: Tuesdays and Thursdays 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm''' <br />
* '''Where: Remotely via Zoom. A Zoom link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.'''<br />
'''<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align=left valign=top><br />
<!-- -------------------------add Instructor ----------------------------><br />
* Matt Maciazka<br />
* David Montanari<br />
</td><br />
<br />
<br />
</tr></table><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Overview==<br />
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors. <br />
<br />
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Course Content==<br />
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Learning Goals==<br />
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Textbook and ''suggested materials''==<br />
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics. <br />
<br />
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:<br />
<br />
* K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, ''Cryogenic Process Engineering'', Plenum (1989).<br />
<br />
'''Additional suggested reference books:''' <br />
* F. Pobell, ''Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures'', Third Edition, Springer (2007).<br />
* S. W. Van Sciver, ''Helium Cryogenics'', Second Edition, Springer (2012).<br />
* J. W. Ekin, ''Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements'', Oxford (2006).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grades==<br />
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.<br />
<br />
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lecture Notes==<br />
*'''[Will add link Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer]''' <br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2] - Same link as Lecture 9'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 13: Cryogenic storage]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 15: Cryogenic Instrumentation]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Quantum Computing and Information]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: Dark Matter Detection]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 17: CMB Astrophysics]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 18: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 21: Cryogenic Instrumentation II - Thermometry]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 24: SRF - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: SRF - invited] - Same link as Lecture 24'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 30: Cryostat design]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]'''<br />
*'''[LINK will be added Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]'''<br />
<br />
== Homework==<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW1]] Due at 4:30pm on September 11, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW2]] Due at 4:30pm on September 25, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW3]] Due at 4:30pm on October 16, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW4]] Due at 4:30pm on November 6, 2025<br />
*'''[[LINK will be added HW5]] Due at 4:30pm on November 20, 2025<br />
<br />
<br />
Homework review sessions<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 1]] September 11, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 2]] September 25, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 3]] October 16, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 4]] November 6, 2025'''<br />
*'''[[LINK added after Session 5]] November 20, 2025'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[LINK added close to Final Exam]] due December 12, 2025'''</div>DavidMontanarihttp://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php?title=CASE:Courses&diff=5109CASE:Courses2025-08-20T16:43:36Z<p>DavidMontanari: /* 2025 */</p>
<hr />
<div>== 2025 ==<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2025|'''Spring: PHY 542: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2025|'''Spring: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
* [[PHY554_Fall_2024|'''Fall: PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY695_fall_2025|'''Fall: PHY 695: Cryogenic systems and their design''']], by Matt Maciazka, David Montanari.<br />
<br />
== 2024 ==<br />
* [[PHY691_spring_2024|'''Spring: PHY 691: Computational Accelerator Physics, by Dr. François Méot, BNL & SBU''']]<br />
* [[PHY554_Fall_2024|'''Fall: PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY 693/ESE 593_fall_2024|'''Fall: PHY 693/ESE 593 High Power RF engineering''']]<br />
<br />
== 2023 ==<br />
* [[PHY554_Fall_2023|'''Fall: PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY689_Fall_2023|'''Fall: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
* [[USPAS_spring_2023|'''Winter: USPAS, Hadron Beam Cooling in Particle Accelerators''']]<br />
* [[PHY543_spring_2023|'''Spring: PHY543: RF Superconductivity for Accelerators''']], see also external link '''[https://sites.google.com/view/srfsbu2023/home Sping: PHY 543: RF Superconductivity for Accelerators]''', by Prof. Belomestnykh, Prof. Petrushina, and Dr. Verdu-Andres<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2020|'''Spring: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2023|'''Spring: PHY 542: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
* [[PHY691_spring_2023|'''Spring: PHY 691: Computational Accelerator Physics, by Dr. François Méot, BNL & SBU''']]<br />
<br />
== 2022 ==<br />
* [[PHY564_fall_2022|'''Fall: PHY 564: Advanced Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY 693/ESE 593_fall_2022|'''Fall: PHY 693/ESE 593 High Power RF engineering''']]<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2020|'''Fall: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
* [[PHY 694_spring_2022|'''Spring: PHY 694 Plasma and Wakefield Accelerators''']]<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2020|'''Spring: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2022|'''Spring: PHY 542: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
<br />
== 2021 ==<br />
* [[PHY554_Fall_2021|'''Fall: PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY695_fall_2021|'''Fall: PHY 695: Cryogenic systems and their design''']], by Arkadiy Klebaner, Ram Dhuley, David Montanari, Matthew Hollister.<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2020|'''Fall: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
* [[PHY543_spring_2021|'''Spring: PHY543: RF Superconductivity for Accelerators''']], see also external link '''[https://sites.google.com/view/srfsbu2021/home Sping: PHY 543: RF Superconductivity for Accelerators]''', by Prof. Belomestnykh, Dr. Posen and Dr. Petrushina<br />
* [[PHY691_spring_2021|'''Spring: PHY 691: Computational Accelerator Physics''']], by Pr. François Méot, BNL & SBU<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2020|'''Spring: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
<br />
== 2020 ==<br />
* [[PHY564_fall_2020|'''Fall: PHY 564: Advanced Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2020|'''Fall: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
* [[PHY554_spring_2020|'''Spring: PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2020|'''Spring: PHY 542: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2020|'''Spring: PHY 689: USPAS and CERN accelerator physics schools''']]<br />
<br />
== 2019 ==<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2019|'''Spring: PHY 689, ACCELERATOR Games -- Learning Charged Particle Beam Dynamics by Computer Simulations''']] (François Méot, BNL)<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2019|'''Spring: PHY 542, Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
<br />
== 2018 ==<br />
* [[PHY554_fall_2018|'''Fall: PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[media:PHY 514 AP VL.pdf|Fall: PHY 514, A Bit of Accelerator Physics]], by Prof. Litvinenko<br />
* [[PHY689_spring_2018|'''Spring: PHY 689, ACCELERATOR Games -- Learning Charged Particle Beam Dynamics by Computer Simulations''']] (François Méot, BNL)<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2018|'''Spring: PHY 542, Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
<br />
== 2017 ==<br />
* [[PHY564_fall_2017|'''Fall: PHY 564, Advanced Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[media:PHY 514 AP VL.pdf|Accelerator Physics Class PHY 514]], by Prof. Litvinenko<br />
* [[PHY420_fall_2017|'''Fall: PHY 420, Introduction to Accelerator Science and Technology''']]<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2017|'''Spring: PHY 542, Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
<br />
== 2016 ==<br />
* [[PHY554_fall_2016|'''PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2016|'''PHY 542: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
* [[media:PHY 514 AP VL.pdf|Accelerator Physics Class PHY 514]], by Prof. Litvinenko<br />
<br />
== 2015 ==<br />
* [[PHY564_fall_2015|'''PHY 564: Advanced Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
* [[PHY542_spring_2015|'''PHY 542: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics and Technology with Simulations and Measurements Lab''']]<br />
* [[media:PHY 514 AP VL.pdf|Accelerator Physics Class PHY 514]], by Prof. Litvinenko<br />
<br />
== 2014 ==<br />
* [[PHY554_spring_2014|'''PHY 554: Fundamentals of Accelerator Physics''']]<br />
== 2013 ==<br />
*Principles of RF Superconductivity, USPAS, Dr. Belomestnykh<br />
<br />
== 2011 ==<br />
*'''[https://sites.google.com/site/srfsbu11/ PHY 684: RF superconductivity for accelerators]''', by Prof. Belomestnykh<br />
* Superconducting RF for High-β Accelerators, USPAS 2011, Dr. Belomestnykh<br />
<br />
==2010 and before==<br />
<br />
* Experiments in PHY 445/515, Fall 2010 [[Lab Manuals]]<br />
* CASE Summer Accelerator [[Workshop]], July 26-30, Dr. Hemmick<br />
* WISE 187, Spring 2010, Introduction to Research, Dr. Hemmick<br />
* Summer 1-Day Accelerator Camp, July 16 2009, Dr. Hemmick<br />
* Accelerator Physics, 13-25 January, 2008, Graduate Course, US Particle Accelerator School, Santa Rosa, CA, Dr. Litvinenko, Satogata, Pozdeyev<br />
* PHY 684, Fall 2007, Physics of Particle Accelerators, Dr. Litvinenko, Kewisch, Mackay, Satogata <br />
* PHY 684, Spring 2007, Physics of Particle Accelerators, Dr. Litvinenko<br />
* PHY 684, Spring 2005, Physics of Particle Accelerators, Dr. Litvinenko, Dr. Mackay<br />
* PHY 684, Spring 2004, Physics of Particle Accelerators, Dr. Peggs, Dr. Litvinenko</div>DavidMontanari