File:PHY554 Lecture18 F2024.pdf

2024-11-13T06:08:58Z

GangWang:

PHY554 Fall 2024

2024-11-13T06:07:57Z

GangWang: /* Lecture Notes */

<center>
<table width=60% border=1>
<tr>
<th width=50% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th>
<th align=center>Instructors</th>
</tr>

<tr><td align=left valign=center>

* '''When: Mon/Wed, 6:30 pm - 7:50pm '''
* '''Where: Zoom ( Physics D103 , see the map https://www.stonybrook.edu/sb/map/map.pdf)'''
</td>

<td align=left valign=top>

* Prof. Yichao Jing
* Prof. Dmitry Kayran
* Prof. Vladimir N Litvinenko
* Dr. Jun Ma
* Prof. Gang Wang
* '''TA:''' Nikhil Bachhawat

</td>

</tr></table>
[[Image:Accelerators.jpg|350px|Image: 400 pixels|right]]

</center>

== Course Overview ==
The graduate/senior undergraduate level course focuses on the fundamental physics and key concepts of modern particle accelerators. The course is intended for graduate students and advanced undergraduate students who want to familiarize themselves with principles of accelerating charged particles and gain knowledge about contemporary particle accelerators and their applications.

It will cover the following contents:

* History of accelerators and basic principles (eg. centre of mass energy, luminosity, accelerating gradient, etc)

* Radio Frequency cavities, linacs, SRF accelerators;

* Magnets, Transverse motion, Strong focusing, simple lattices; Non-linearities and resonances;

* Circulating beams, Longitutdinal dynamics, Synchrotron radiation; principles of beam cooling,

* Applications of accelerators: light sources, medical uses

Students will be evaluated based on the following performances: '''homework assignments (40%), class participation (20%), mid-term exam (20%) and final presentation on specific research paper (20%), .'''

==Learning Goals==

Students who have completed this course should

* Understand how various types of accelerators work and understand differences between them.
* Have a general understanding of transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics in accelerators.
* Have a general understanding of accelerating structures.
* Understand major applications of accelerators and the recent new concepts.
== Textbook and ''suggested materials''==

Textbook is to be decided from the following:
*Accelerator Physics, by S. Y. Lee
*An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators, by D. A. Edwards and M. J. Syphers
*''Introduction To The Physics Of Particle Accelerators'', by Mario Conte and William W Mackay
*''Particle Accelerator Physics'', by Helmut Wiedemann
*''The Physics of Particle Accelerators: An Introduction'', by Klaus Wille and Jason McFall

10+ S.Y. Lee's and Edwards-Syphers' books are available in BNL library and electronic copies are available upon requests.

== Course Description ==

*Introduction to accelerator physics <br />You will have a glance into the history of accelerators and will learn about a variety of accelerators from electrostatic TV-tubes to gigantic atom and nuclear smashers. Basic figures of merit will be introduced (center of mass energy, luminosity, accelerating gradient, etc.) You will learn general principles behing linear accelerators and circular accelerators, their relative advantages and disadvantages.

*Radio frequency cavities, linacs, superconducting RF accelerators <br />This part of the course will be dedicated to physics and technology of accelerating structures. You will learn basic principles of using radio frequency electromagnetic fields to accelerate particles to very high energies. Different types of accelerating structures will be introduced. You will also learn about brand new direction in linear accelerators – so-called energy recovery linacs. As many modern accelerators are based on superconducting RF (SRF) technlogy, you will learn fundamentals of the SRF accelerators and their advantages over conventional (normal conductoing) RF accelerators.

*Linear transverse beam dynamics <br />This part of the course will be dedicated to detailed description of linear dynamics of particles in accelerators. You will learn about similarity of particles motion to an oscillator with time-dependent rigidity, matrix optics of various elements in accelerators, equation for beam envelopes and stability of periodic (circular) motion of the particles. Here you find a number of analogies with planetary motion, including oscillation of Earth’s moon. You will learn some “standards” of the accelerator physics – betatron tunes and beta-function and their importance in circular accelerators.

*Nonlinear transverse beam dynamics <br />This lecture will open door in fascinating and never-ending elegance and complexity on nonlinear beam dynamics. You will learn about non-linear resonances, which may affect stability of the particles and about their location on the tune diagram. You will learn about chromatic (energy dependent) effects, use of non-linear elements to compensate them, and about problems created by introducing them. Some of traditional perturbation theory methods will be introduced during this lecture.

*Longitudinal beam dynamics <br />If you were ever wondering why Saturn rings do not collapse into one large ball of rock under gravitational attraction – this where you will learn of the effect so-called negative mass in longitudinal motion of particles. You will also learn about so-called synchrotron oscillations, which are have a lot of similarity with pendulum motion. One more “tunes” to remember about - synchrotron tune.

*Radiation effects <br />Charged particles going around an accelerator do radiate when their trajectory is bent – hence, there is entire range of topics arising from this fact. It goes from such effect as radiation damping of the particle oscillations, quantum excitation of such oscillation to the use of this extraordinary radiation as cutting-edge research tool. We will look both into positive (usefulness of synchrotron and FEL radiation) and negative (limiting the energy of electron storage rings) aspects of this natural phenomenon.

*Accelerator applications <br />We will devote this part of the course to the discussion of variety of accelerator application, among which are accelerators for nuclear and particle physics, X-ray light sources, accelerators for medical uses, etc. You will also learn about future accelerators at the energy and intensity forntiers as well as about new methods of particle acceleration.

== Lecture Notes ==

* [[media:PHY554_Lecture1_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 1, Modern Accelerators]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lectures_2&3.pdf|PHY554 Lecturs 2 and 3, History of Accelerators]], by Prof. V. N. Litvinenko
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture4_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 4, Transverse motion]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture5_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 5, Floquet Theorem]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture6_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 6, Beam Emittance, Dipole Field Error]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture7_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 7, Off-momentum particles, dispersion function]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture8_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 8, Quadrupole Field Error]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture9_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 9, Synchrotron Radiation]], by Prof. G. Wang
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture10_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 10, Synchrotron Radiation Sources]], by Prof. G. Wang
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture10.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 11, Introduction to RF accelerators]], by Dr. Jun Ma
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture11.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 12, Fundamentals of RF accelerators]], by Dr. Jun Ma
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture13_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 13, Longitudinal Dynamics]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture14_15_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 14-15, Electron storage rings]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture16_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 16, Chromaticities and its correction]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture17_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 17, Nonlinear Dynamics]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture18_F2024.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 18, Collective Effects I: Wakefield and Impedances]], by Prof. G. Wang

Home-Reading:
* [[media:Reading_matertials.pdf| Least Action Principle, Geometry of Special Relativity, Particles in E&M fields]], by Prof. Litvinenko'''
* [[media:Matrix_calculus_refresher.pdf|Matrix calculus]]
* [[media:Complex_Analysis_Refresher.pdf| Complex analysis]]
* [[media:Vector_Calculus_Refresher.pdf| Vector calculus]]

== Homework ==

* [[media:HW1_2024.pdf|Homework 1]], August 28: due September 11 [[media:HW 1 2024 solution.pdf|Solutions]]
* [[media:HW2_2024.pdf|Homework 2]], September 11: due September 18 [[media:HW2_2024_solutions.pdf|Solutions]]
* [[media:HW3_2024.pdf|Homework 3]], September 23: due September 30 [[media:HW3_2024_solutions.pdf|Solutions]]
* [[media:HW4_2024.pdf|Homework 4]], October 2: due October 9 [[media:HW4_2024_solutions_1.pdf|Solutions]]
* [[media:PHY554_2024_HW_5.pdf|Homework 5]], October 7: due October 16 [[media:PHY554_2024_HW_5_Soultions.pdf|Solutions]]
* [[media:HW6_2024.pdf|Homework 6]], October 28: due November 4

== '''<span style="color: red">Exam ==

* [[media:2024 PHY 554 Mid-term.pdf|Mid-term]], Oct 23 8:30 pm: due Oct 24 24:00 pm [[media:2024 PHY 554 Mid-term-solutions.pdf|'''<span style="color: red">Solutions]]

Mid-term course review:
* [[media:PHY554_review_transverse_longitudinal.pdf|Transverse and Longitudinal Dynamics]]
* [[media:PHY554_2024_RF_Review.pdf|RF cavities]]

== List of suggested projects ==

Read and present

* [[media:Projects_PHY554.pdf| Suggested Projects‎]]

Design and present (can collaborate)

* [[media:Design topics.pdf| Suggested Projects‎]]

File:HW4 2024 solutions 1.pdf

2024-10-22T00:28:55Z

GangWang:

PHY554 Fall 2024

2024-10-22T00:28:29Z

File:Update 2024 04 19.pdf

2024-04-19T19:45:49Z

GangWang:

CeC EIC Physics Meeting

2024-04-19T19:45:36Z

GangWang: /* Meeting Agenda */

==Meeting Goals==
The CeC EIC meeting is the place where the CeC experiment, physics and design issue of the CeC-based EIC cooling effort are discussed.

==Meeting Agenda==

* 04/19/2024:
** [[media:Update_2024_04_19.pdf|Update on Mathematica code (solenoid field fitting and its impact on beam envelope evolution in cooling section)]], by V.N. Litvinenko;

* 04/12/2024:
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake_8.pdf|Ion tracking results for the latest setup with 50 A but larger slice-to-slice energy deviation (041124, slides 41-47)]], by G. Wang;

* 06/30/2023:
** [[media:06302023.pdf|SPACE simulation: emittance evolution along cooling section with action based cutting and sensitivity study of cooling force (current and emittance)]], by J. Ma;

* 04/07/2023:
** [[media:Benchmarking_Impact-T_and_SPACE_04072003.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and SPACE in the CeC PCA Section (matching core of electron beam)]], by K.Shih;

* 03/31/2023:
** [[media:Benchmarking_Impact-T_and_SPACE_in_the_CeC_PAC.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and SPACE in the CeC PCA Section]], by K.Shih;

* 03/17/2023:
** [[media:03172023.pdf|SPACE simulation (benchmarking with impact-t to resove discrepancy in emittance growth with space charge)]], by J. Ma;

* 03/10/2023:
** [[media:Yichao_3_31_2023.pdf|Update on CeC beam simulation]], by Y. Jing;

* 01/27/2023:
** [[media:01272023.pdf|SPACE simulation (reasons for emittance growth was found and corrected)]], by J. Ma;

* 01/20/2023:
** [[media:Solenoid_nolinearity.pdf|PCA solenoids nonlinearity]], by V. Litvinenko;

* 01/13/2023:
** [[media:01132023_2.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation (Gaussian transverse distribution and unexpected emittance growth)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Emittance_Growth_in_PCA.pdf|Emittance growth in PCA]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:Fit_145A_solenoid_setting.pdf|Fitting formula for CeC-X solenoids in the cooling section]], by V. Litvinenko;

* 12/16/2022:
** [[media:12162022.pdf|Dependance of PCA gain on solenoids' current]], by J. Ma;

* 11/18/2022:
** [[media:11_18_22_Yichao.pdf|Update on CeC beam simulation]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:11112022.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation (with transverse dependance)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake_3_1.pdf|Updates on ion tracking simulation with new wakes from SPACE simulation (with transverse simulated dependance)]], by G. Wang;

* 10/21/2022:
** [[media:Sol_offset_scan.pdf|Solenoid misalignment scan]], by K. Shih;

* 10/14/2022:
** [[media:10142002.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam with solenoid settings optimizing center slice]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Effects_of_Initial_Beam_Distribution.pdf|Beam dynamic simulation for electrons with different initial current profile]], by K.Shih;

* 10/07/2022:
** [[media:10072002.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam with different solenoid settings]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake_updates.pdf|Updates on ion tracking simulation with new wakes from SPACE simulation (new solenoid settings)]], by G. Wang;

* 09/30/2022:
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake _2.pdf|Updates on ion tracking code for the CeC experiment(the cooling force now depends on the local properties of the electrons that overlaps with the ion)]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:9_30_22_1.pdf|Updates on the beam dynamics simulation(new distribution with more uniform beam parameters around core)]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:Smearing_of_Wake_due_to_Energy_Deviation.pdf|Estimate of the reduction of the cooling force due to longitudinal slipping of the off-momentum ions for the CeC experimen]], by G. Wang;

* 09/02/2022:
** [[media:09022022.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam for 5 slices sitting to the left (head) of the peak]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way_3.pdf|Emittance measurement: new way (updates, waiting for the file...)]], by K.Shih;

* 08/19/2022:
** [[media:08192022.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam for 3 slices and check sensitivity to charge variation]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way_2.pdf|Emittance measurement: new way (updates)]], by K.Shih;

* 08/12/2022:
** [[media:409_pm10%C_slice_beta.pdf|Simulation of impact due to laser intensity jitter (updates)]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:updates_on_dual_gaussian_yichao.pdf|Simulation results with electron bunch formed by combining two Guassian laser pulses]], by Y. Jing;

* 08/05/2022:
** [[media:08052022.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with increased solenoids current and check superposition (100 ions)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:cylinder.pdf|Analysis of solenoid measurement]], by I. Pinayev;
** [[media:409_pm10%C.pdf|Simulation of impact due to laser intensity jitter]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way_1.pdf|Emittance measurement: new way (updates)]], by K.Shih;

* 07/29/2022:
** [[media:Track.pdf|Tracking for PCA Solenoids]], by I. Pinayev;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way.pdf|Slice Emittance Measurement: new way]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:Impact-T_Simulation_in_Misaligned_CeC_Beamline.pdf|Impact-T Simulation in Misaligned CeC Beamline]], by K.Shih;

* 07/22/2022:
** [[media:07222022.pdf|Dependance of cooling force on the current of solenoid 3-5]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Gauss_flattop_comparison.pdf|Laser profile-Gaussian vs flattop]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:PCA_solenoids.pdf|Analysis of Magnetic Measurements Data of PCA Solenoids On axis]], by I. Pinayev;
** [[media:Kicker.pdf|Kicker for Buncher transverse Kick Compensation]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:EM_Fields_BeamAxis.pdf|Electric and magnetic fields along the beam axis of NSLS-II kicker]], by M. Sangroula;

* 07/08/2022:
** [[media:Cathode_system.pdf|Cathode and SRF gun axis]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:Optimized_Crosssection_CeC_Kicker.pdf|Optimization of the CeC Kicker’s cross section]], by M. Sangroula;

* 05/20/2022:
** [[media:Yichao_5_20_2022.pdf|Requirements for CeC systems]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:Tolerance_on_the_Bunch_by_Bunch_Energy_Jitter.pdf|Tolerance on the Bunch-by-Bunch Energy Jitter for the CeC Experiment]], by G. Wang;

* 05/18/2022:
** [[media:05202022 (002).pdf|CeC Physics]], by J. Ma;

* 03/18/2022:
** [[media:2022_March_18_signal_suppression_Will.pdf|More Realistic Signal Suppression and Detection]], by W. Bergan;

* 02/04/2022:
** [[media:3D_effects.pdf|Some 3D effects in MBEC]], by G. Stupakov;
** [[media:02042022.pdf|Updates on 3D simulations for the CeC experiment]], by J. Ma;

* 01/21/2022:
** [[media:Slice_Emittance_Measurement.pdf|Slice Emittance Measurement on CeC Diagnostic Beamline]], by K. Shih;

* 11/12/2021:
** [[media:LEReC_recombination_studies.pdf|APEX on Recombination studies at LEReC]], by D. Kayran;
** [[media:11052021.pdf|Updates on 3D simulations for the CeC experiment]], by J. Ma;

* 10/29/2021:
** [[media:comparison.pdf|CSR and space charge impedance in MBEC for EIC]], by G. Stupakov;
** [[media:talk_2B_Panos.pdf|1D vs 3D model for microbunched electron cooling]], by P. Baxevanis;

* 10/15/2021:
** [[media:3D_PCA_CeC_VLpptx.pdf|3D cooling with PCA μ bunching CeC]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:Progress update_101521.pdf|Progress on EIC Strong Hadron Cooling]], by E. Wang;

* 10/01/2021:
** [[media:09312021.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation of CeC experiment (50A, various waist)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Benchmarking Impact-T and Parmela_1.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and Parmela for CeC buncher voltage (updated)]], by K. Shih;

* 09/17/2021:
** [[media:09132021.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation of CeC experiment (50A)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Benchmarking_Impact-T_and_Parmela.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and Parmela for CeC buncher voltage]], by K. Shih;

* 08/27/2021:
** [[media:Dependance_of_recombination_rate_on energy_deviation.pdf|Dependance of recombination rate on energy deviation of electrons]], by G. Wang;

* 08/20/2021:
** [[media:Parameters_for_CeC_PoP_experiment_revised.pdf|Simulation of traditional electron cooling for CeC experiment]], by H. Zhao;
** [[media:Puzzle_of_the_large_recombination_peak_widths_rev_1.pdf|The puzzle of the large recombination peak widths measured during the CeC run]], by P. Thieberger;
** [[media:Center_of_the_beam_nergy_jitter_and_time_jitter.pdf|Simple model for the energy change for central slice]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:filamentation_study.pdf|Laser Imprint Study with Impact-T]], by K. Shih;

* 08/13/2021:
** [[media:2021-08-13_CEC_RegularCoolingEstimate.pdf|eCooling time estimate for CeC experiment]], by D. Kayran;
** [[media:08132021.pdf|Sensitivity studies of PCA gain to e beam parameters]], by J. Ma;

* 08/06/2021:
** [[media:Cooling_Rate_Analysis.pdf|Cooling rate analysis (data analysis for run 21 CeC experiment)]], by K. Shih;
** [[media:influence_of_energy_jitter_updated_1.pdf|Influence of energy jitter (jitter with Gaussian distribution)]], by G. Wang;

* 07/30/2021:
** [[media:longMisalign.pdf|Electron-ion longitudinal misalignment in CeC scheme]], by S. Seletskiy;
** [[media:influence_of_energy_jitter_updated.pdf|Influence of energy jitter (tracking with wake from 3D simulation)]], by G. Wang;

* 07/23/2021:
** [[media:Effect of energy jitter.pdf|Effect of energy jitter (analytical)]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:influence_of_energy_jitter.pdf|Influence of energy jitter (macro-particle tracking)]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:07232021.pdf|Simulation of type 2 PCA for EIC (investigating emittance growth)]], by J. Ma;

* 07/16/2021:
** [[media:CSR in CeC_updated.pdf|Reflections on the bend-based CeC designs (with updates)]], by Y. Derbenev;
** [[media:07162021_jun.pdf|Simulation of type 2 PCA for EIC: single cell gain in FFT components]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:microbunching.pdf|Study of microbunching instability in an EIC MBEC cooling system]], by G. Stupakov;

* 07/02/2021:
** [[media:Cooling_decrement_with_painting.pdf|Cooling decrement with painting]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:07022021_Jun.pdf|Simulation of beam size dependence on common section solenoid with SPACE for PoP experiment]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:06252021_Jun.pdf|Simulation of type 2 PCA for EIC: influence of solenoid radius to emittance]], by J. Ma;

* 06/25/2021:
** [[media:Updates of 1-D PCA model_v2.pdf|Updates of 1-D PCA model]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:PCA_for_EIC.pdf|PCA amplifier and PCA with wigglers]], by G. Stupakov;
** [[media:CSR in CeC.pdf|Reflections on the bend-based CeC designs]], by Y. Derbenev;

* 06/11/2021:
** [[media:CeC_X_061121.pptx|Coherent electron cooling experiment at RHIC]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:design progress_061021.pptx|EIC SHC design profress]], by E. Wang;

* 06/04/2021:
** [[media:2021_June_4_bergan.pdf|MBEC/PCA Cooling time comparison]], by W. Bergan;
** [[media:Comments_on_Stupakov's_presenation_on_May_14,_2021.pdf|Comments on May 14 presentation by Stupakov]], by V. Litvinenko

* 05/14/2021:
** [[media:PCA_vs_MBEC_version2.pdf|Comparison of PCA and MBEC for EIC]], by G. Stupakov;

* 05/07/2021:
** [[media:PCA CeC for EIC May_7_2021.pdf|CeC for EIC]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:Preliminary_Estimates_for_Cooling_EIC.pdf|Preliminary Estimates for Cooling EIC with PCA Based CeC]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:05072021.pdf|CeC Physics (type I PCA simulation for EIC)]], by J. Ma;

* 04/30/2021:
** [[media:CeC_043020.pptx|EIC Strong Hadron Cooling]], by E. Wang;

* 04/16/2021:
** [[media:cec16apr21.pdf|EIC Beam Parameters]], by M. Blaskiewicz;

* 04/09/2021:
** [[media:CeC_physics_meeting_updates.pdf|Updates on CeC Physics Meeting]], by G. Wang;

File:Ion tracking with local wake 8.pdf

2024-04-19T19:40:26Z

GangWang:

CeC EIC Physics Meeting

2024-04-19T19:39:20Z

GangWang: /* Meeting Agenda */

==Meeting Goals==
The CeC EIC meeting is the place where the CeC experiment, physics and design issue of the CeC-based EIC cooling effort are discussed.

==Meeting Agenda==
* 04/12/2024:
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake_8.pdf|Ion tracking results for the latest setup with 50 A but larger slice-to-slice energy deviation (041124, slides 41-47)]], by G. Wang;

* 06/30/2023:
** [[media:06302023.pdf|SPACE simulation: emittance evolution along cooling section with action based cutting and sensitivity study of cooling force (current and emittance)]], by J. Ma;

* 04/07/2023:
** [[media:Benchmarking_Impact-T_and_SPACE_04072003.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and SPACE in the CeC PCA Section (matching core of electron beam)]], by K.Shih;

* 03/31/2023:
** [[media:Benchmarking_Impact-T_and_SPACE_in_the_CeC_PAC.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and SPACE in the CeC PCA Section]], by K.Shih;

* 03/17/2023:
** [[media:03172023.pdf|SPACE simulation (benchmarking with impact-t to resove discrepancy in emittance growth with space charge)]], by J. Ma;

* 03/10/2023:
** [[media:Yichao_3_31_2023.pdf|Update on CeC beam simulation]], by Y. Jing;

* 01/27/2023:
** [[media:01272023.pdf|SPACE simulation (reasons for emittance growth was found and corrected)]], by J. Ma;

* 01/20/2023:
** [[media:Solenoid_nolinearity.pdf|PCA solenoids nonlinearity]], by V. Litvinenko;

* 01/13/2023:
** [[media:01132023_2.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation (Gaussian transverse distribution and unexpected emittance growth)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Emittance_Growth_in_PCA.pdf|Emittance growth in PCA]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:Fit_145A_solenoid_setting.pdf|Fitting formula for CeC-X solenoids in the cooling section]], by V. Litvinenko;

* 12/16/2022:
** [[media:12162022.pdf|Dependance of PCA gain on solenoids' current]], by J. Ma;

* 11/18/2022:
** [[media:11_18_22_Yichao.pdf|Update on CeC beam simulation]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:11112022.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation (with transverse dependance)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake_3_1.pdf|Updates on ion tracking simulation with new wakes from SPACE simulation (with transverse simulated dependance)]], by G. Wang;

* 10/21/2022:
** [[media:Sol_offset_scan.pdf|Solenoid misalignment scan]], by K. Shih;

* 10/14/2022:
** [[media:10142002.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam with solenoid settings optimizing center slice]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Effects_of_Initial_Beam_Distribution.pdf|Beam dynamic simulation for electrons with different initial current profile]], by K.Shih;

* 10/07/2022:
** [[media:10072002.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam with different solenoid settings]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake_updates.pdf|Updates on ion tracking simulation with new wakes from SPACE simulation (new solenoid settings)]], by G. Wang;

* 09/30/2022:
** [[media:Ion_tracking_with_local_wake _2.pdf|Updates on ion tracking code for the CeC experiment(the cooling force now depends on the local properties of the electrons that overlaps with the ion)]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:9_30_22_1.pdf|Updates on the beam dynamics simulation(new distribution with more uniform beam parameters around core)]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:Smearing_of_Wake_due_to_Energy_Deviation.pdf|Estimate of the reduction of the cooling force due to longitudinal slipping of the off-momentum ions for the CeC experimen]], by G. Wang;

* 09/02/2022:
** [[media:09022022.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam for 5 slices sitting to the left (head) of the peak]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way_3.pdf|Emittance measurement: new way (updates, waiting for the file...)]], by K.Shih;

* 08/19/2022:
** [[media:08192022.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with Run21 e beam for 3 slices and check sensitivity to charge variation]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way_2.pdf|Emittance measurement: new way (updates)]], by K.Shih;

* 08/12/2022:
** [[media:409_pm10%C_slice_beta.pdf|Simulation of impact due to laser intensity jitter (updates)]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:updates_on_dual_gaussian_yichao.pdf|Simulation results with electron bunch formed by combining two Guassian laser pulses]], by Y. Jing;

* 08/05/2022:
** [[media:08052022.pdf|SPACE simulation of CeC X with increased solenoids current and check superposition (100 ions)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:cylinder.pdf|Analysis of solenoid measurement]], by I. Pinayev;
** [[media:409_pm10%C.pdf|Simulation of impact due to laser intensity jitter]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way_1.pdf|Emittance measurement: new way (updates)]], by K.Shih;

* 07/29/2022:
** [[media:Track.pdf|Tracking for PCA Solenoids]], by I. Pinayev;
** [[media:slice_emittance_new_way.pdf|Slice Emittance Measurement: new way]], by K.Shih;
** [[media:Impact-T_Simulation_in_Misaligned_CeC_Beamline.pdf|Impact-T Simulation in Misaligned CeC Beamline]], by K.Shih;

* 07/22/2022:
** [[media:07222022.pdf|Dependance of cooling force on the current of solenoid 3-5]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Gauss_flattop_comparison.pdf|Laser profile-Gaussian vs flattop]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:PCA_solenoids.pdf|Analysis of Magnetic Measurements Data of PCA Solenoids On axis]], by I. Pinayev;
** [[media:Kicker.pdf|Kicker for Buncher transverse Kick Compensation]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:EM_Fields_BeamAxis.pdf|Electric and magnetic fields along the beam axis of NSLS-II kicker]], by M. Sangroula;

* 07/08/2022:
** [[media:Cathode_system.pdf|Cathode and SRF gun axis]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:Optimized_Crosssection_CeC_Kicker.pdf|Optimization of the CeC Kicker’s cross section]], by M. Sangroula;

* 05/20/2022:
** [[media:Yichao_5_20_2022.pdf|Requirements for CeC systems]], by Y. Jing;
** [[media:Tolerance_on_the_Bunch_by_Bunch_Energy_Jitter.pdf|Tolerance on the Bunch-by-Bunch Energy Jitter for the CeC Experiment]], by G. Wang;

* 05/18/2022:
** [[media:05202022 (002).pdf|CeC Physics]], by J. Ma;

* 03/18/2022:
** [[media:2022_March_18_signal_suppression_Will.pdf|More Realistic Signal Suppression and Detection]], by W. Bergan;

* 02/04/2022:
** [[media:3D_effects.pdf|Some 3D effects in MBEC]], by G. Stupakov;
** [[media:02042022.pdf|Updates on 3D simulations for the CeC experiment]], by J. Ma;

* 01/21/2022:
** [[media:Slice_Emittance_Measurement.pdf|Slice Emittance Measurement on CeC Diagnostic Beamline]], by K. Shih;

* 11/12/2021:
** [[media:LEReC_recombination_studies.pdf|APEX on Recombination studies at LEReC]], by D. Kayran;
** [[media:11052021.pdf|Updates on 3D simulations for the CeC experiment]], by J. Ma;

* 10/29/2021:
** [[media:comparison.pdf|CSR and space charge impedance in MBEC for EIC]], by G. Stupakov;
** [[media:talk_2B_Panos.pdf|1D vs 3D model for microbunched electron cooling]], by P. Baxevanis;

* 10/15/2021:
** [[media:3D_PCA_CeC_VLpptx.pdf|3D cooling with PCA μ bunching CeC]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:Progress update_101521.pdf|Progress on EIC Strong Hadron Cooling]], by E. Wang;

* 10/01/2021:
** [[media:09312021.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation of CeC experiment (50A, various waist)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Benchmarking Impact-T and Parmela_1.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and Parmela for CeC buncher voltage (updated)]], by K. Shih;

* 09/17/2021:
** [[media:09132021.pdf|Updates on SPACE simulation of CeC experiment (50A)]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:Benchmarking_Impact-T_and_Parmela.pdf|Benchmarking Impact-T and Parmela for CeC buncher voltage]], by K. Shih;

* 08/27/2021:
** [[media:Dependance_of_recombination_rate_on energy_deviation.pdf|Dependance of recombination rate on energy deviation of electrons]], by G. Wang;

* 08/20/2021:
** [[media:Parameters_for_CeC_PoP_experiment_revised.pdf|Simulation of traditional electron cooling for CeC experiment]], by H. Zhao;
** [[media:Puzzle_of_the_large_recombination_peak_widths_rev_1.pdf|The puzzle of the large recombination peak widths measured during the CeC run]], by P. Thieberger;
** [[media:Center_of_the_beam_nergy_jitter_and_time_jitter.pdf|Simple model for the energy change for central slice]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:filamentation_study.pdf|Laser Imprint Study with Impact-T]], by K. Shih;

* 08/13/2021:
** [[media:2021-08-13_CEC_RegularCoolingEstimate.pdf|eCooling time estimate for CeC experiment]], by D. Kayran;
** [[media:08132021.pdf|Sensitivity studies of PCA gain to e beam parameters]], by J. Ma;

* 08/06/2021:
** [[media:Cooling_Rate_Analysis.pdf|Cooling rate analysis (data analysis for run 21 CeC experiment)]], by K. Shih;
** [[media:influence_of_energy_jitter_updated_1.pdf|Influence of energy jitter (jitter with Gaussian distribution)]], by G. Wang;

* 07/30/2021:
** [[media:longMisalign.pdf|Electron-ion longitudinal misalignment in CeC scheme]], by S. Seletskiy;
** [[media:influence_of_energy_jitter_updated.pdf|Influence of energy jitter (tracking with wake from 3D simulation)]], by G. Wang;

* 07/23/2021:
** [[media:Effect of energy jitter.pdf|Effect of energy jitter (analytical)]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:influence_of_energy_jitter.pdf|Influence of energy jitter (macro-particle tracking)]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:07232021.pdf|Simulation of type 2 PCA for EIC (investigating emittance growth)]], by J. Ma;

* 07/16/2021:
** [[media:CSR in CeC_updated.pdf|Reflections on the bend-based CeC designs (with updates)]], by Y. Derbenev;
** [[media:07162021_jun.pdf|Simulation of type 2 PCA for EIC: single cell gain in FFT components]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:microbunching.pdf|Study of microbunching instability in an EIC MBEC cooling system]], by G. Stupakov;

* 07/02/2021:
** [[media:Cooling_decrement_with_painting.pdf|Cooling decrement with painting]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:07022021_Jun.pdf|Simulation of beam size dependence on common section solenoid with SPACE for PoP experiment]], by J. Ma;
** [[media:06252021_Jun.pdf|Simulation of type 2 PCA for EIC: influence of solenoid radius to emittance]], by J. Ma;

* 06/25/2021:
** [[media:Updates of 1-D PCA model_v2.pdf|Updates of 1-D PCA model]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:PCA_for_EIC.pdf|PCA amplifier and PCA with wigglers]], by G. Stupakov;
** [[media:CSR in CeC.pdf|Reflections on the bend-based CeC designs]], by Y. Derbenev;

* 06/11/2021:
** [[media:CeC_X_061121.pptx|Coherent electron cooling experiment at RHIC]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:design progress_061021.pptx|EIC SHC design profress]], by E. Wang;

* 06/04/2021:
** [[media:2021_June_4_bergan.pdf|MBEC/PCA Cooling time comparison]], by W. Bergan;
** [[media:Comments_on_Stupakov's_presenation_on_May_14,_2021.pdf|Comments on May 14 presentation by Stupakov]], by V. Litvinenko

* 05/14/2021:
** [[media:PCA_vs_MBEC_version2.pdf|Comparison of PCA and MBEC for EIC]], by G. Stupakov;

* 05/07/2021:
** [[media:PCA CeC for EIC May_7_2021.pdf|CeC for EIC]], by V. Litvinenko;
** [[media:Preliminary_Estimates_for_Cooling_EIC.pdf|Preliminary Estimates for Cooling EIC with PCA Based CeC]], by G. Wang;
** [[media:05072021.pdf|CeC Physics (type I PCA simulation for EIC)]], by J. Ma;

* 04/30/2021:
** [[media:CeC_043020.pptx|EIC Strong Hadron Cooling]], by E. Wang;

* 04/16/2021:
** [[media:cec16apr21.pdf|EIC Beam Parameters]], by M. Blaskiewicz;

* 04/09/2021:
** [[media:CeC_physics_meeting_updates.pdf|Updates on CeC Physics Meeting]], by G. Wang;

PHY554 Fall 2023

2023-12-11T20:57:03Z

GangWang: /* Home Works (will be replaced with new edition for Fall 2023) */

<center>
<table width=60% border=1>
<tr>
<th width=50% align=center>Class meet time and dates</th>
<th align=center>Instructors</th>
</tr>

<tr><td align=left valign=center>

* '''When: Mon/Wed, 5:30 pm - 6:50pm '''
* '''Where: Zoom (Social & Behavioral Sciences Building, N115, see the map https://www.stonybrook.edu/sb/map/map.pdf)'''
</td>

<td align=left valign=top>

* Prof. Vladimir N Litvinenko
* Prof. Yichao Jing
* Prof. Gang Wang
* Prof. Navid Vafaei-Najafabadi
* Dr. Kai Shih
* Dr. Jun Ma

</td>

</tr></table>
[[Image:Accelerators.jpg|350px|Image: 400 pixels|right]]

</center>

== Teaches, Students, Topics ==
[[Image:PHY554_F2023_teachers.jpg|400px|Image: 600 pixels|left]]

[[Image:Students_PHY_554.jpg|500px|Image: 600 pixels|left]]

== Course Overview ==
The graduate/senior undergraduate level course focuses on the fundamental physics and key concepts of modern particle accelerators. The course is intended for graduate students and advanced undergraduate students who want to familiarize themselves with principles of accelerating charged particles and gain knowledge about contemporary particle accelerators and their applications.

It will cover the following contents:

* History of accelerators and basic principles (eg. centre of mass energy, luminosity, accelerating gradient, etc)

* Radio Frequency cavities, linacs, SRF accelerators;

* Magnets, Transverse motion, Strong focusing, simple lattices; Non-linearities and resonances;

* Circulating beams, Longitutdinal dynamics, Synchrotron radiation; principles of beam cooling,

* Applications of accelerators: light sources, medical uses

Students will be evaluated based on the following performances: '''final presentation on specific research paper (40%), homework assignments (40%) and class participation (20%).'''

==Learning Goals==

Students who have completed this course should

* Understand how various types of accelerators work and understand differences between them.
* Have a general understanding of transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics in accelerators.
* Have a general understanding of accelerating structures.
* Understand major applications of accelerators and the recent new concepts.
== Textbook and ''suggested materials''==

Textbook is to be decided from the following:
*Accelerator Physics, by S. Y. Lee
*An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators, by D. A. Edwards and M. J. Syphers
*''Introduction To The Physics Of Particle Accelerators'', by Mario Conte and William W Mackay
*''Particle Accelerator Physics'', by Helmut Wiedemann
*''The Physics of Particle Accelerators: An Introduction'', by Klaus Wille and Jason McFall

10+ S.Y. Lee's and Edwards-Syphers' books are available in BNL library.

== Course Description ==

*Introduction to accelerator physics <br />You will have a glance into the history of accelerators and will learn about a variety of accelerators from electrostatic TV-tubes to gigantic atom and nuclear smashers. Basic figures of merit will be introduced (center of mass energy, luminosity, accelerating gradient, etc.) You will learn general principles behing linear accelerators and circular accelerators, their relative advantages and disadvantages.

*Radio frequency cavities, linacs, superconducting RF accelerators <br />This part of the course will be dedicated to physics and technology of accelerating structures. You will learn basic principles of using radio frequency electromagnetic fields to accelerate particles to very high energies. Different types of accelerating structures will be introduced. You will also learn about brand new direction in linear accelerators – so-called energy recovery linacs. As many modern accelerators are based on superconducting RF (SRF) technlogy, you will learn fundamentals of the SRF accelerators and their advantages over conventional (normal conductoing) RF accelerators.

*Linear transverse beam dynamics <br />This part of the course will be dedicated to detailed description of linear dynamics of particles in accelerators. You will learn about similarity of particles motion to an oscillator with time-dependent rigidity, matrix optics of various elements in accelerators, equation for beam envelopes and stability of periodic (circular) motion of the particles. Here you find a number of analogies with planetary motion, including oscillation of Earth’s moon. You will learn some “standards” of the accelerator physics – betatron tunes and beta-function and their importance in circular accelerators.

*Nonlinear transverse beam dynamics <br />This lecture will open door in fascinating and never-ending elegance and complexity on nonlinear beam dynamics. You will learn about non-linear resonances, which may affect stability of the particles and about their location on the tune diagram. You will learn about chromatic (energy dependent) effects, use of non-linear elements to compensate them, and about problems created by introducing them. Some of traditional perturbation theory methods will be introduced during this lecture.

*Longitudinal beam dynamics <br />If you were ever wondering why Saturn rings do not collapse into one large ball of rock under gravitational attraction – this where you will learn of the effect so-called negative mass in longitudinal motion of particles. You will also learn about so-called synchrotron oscillations, which are have a lot of similarity with pendulum motion. One more “tunes” to remember about - synchrotron tune.

*Radiation effects <br />Charged particles going around an accelerator do radiate when their trajectory is bent – hence, there is entire range of topics arising from this fact. It goes from such effect as radiation damping of the particle oscillations, quantum excitation of such oscillation to the use of this extraordinary radiation as cutting-edge research tool. We will look both into positive (usefulness of synchrotron and FEL radiation) and negative (limiting the energy of electron storage rings) aspects of this natural phenomenon.

*Accelerator applications <br />We will devote this part of the course to the discussion of variety of accelerator application, among which are accelerators for nuclear and particle physics, X-ray light sources, accelerators for medical uses, etc. You will also learn about future accelerators at the energy and intensity forntiers as well as about new methods of particle acceleration.

== Lecture Notes ==
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture1_F2023.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 1, Modern Accelerators]], by Prof. V.N. Litvinenko
* [[media:PHY554_Lectures_2&3_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lectures 2 and 3, History of Accelerators]], by Prof. V.N. Litvinenko
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture7_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 7, Off-momentum particles, dispersion function]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture8_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 8, Quadrupole field errors]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture10.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 9, Introduction to RF accelerators]], by Dr. Jun Ma
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture11.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 10, Fundamentals of RF accelerators]], by Dr. Jun Ma
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture12.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 11, Superconducting RF accelerators and ERLs]], by Dr. Jun Ma
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture13.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 12, Synchrotron Radiation]], by Prof. G. Wang
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture14.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 13, Synchrotron Radiation Source]], by Prof. G. Wang
* [[media:PHY554_2023_9_longitudinal_dynamics.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 14, Longitudinal beam dynamics]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_2023_electron_storage_rings.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 15-16, Electron storage rings]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture17_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 17, Chromaticities, its correction and simplectic integration]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture18_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 18, Nonlinear Dynamics]], by Prof. Y. Jing
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture19.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 19, Collective Effects I: Wakefield and Impedances]], by Prof. G. Wang
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture20.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 20, Collective Effects II: Examples of Collective Instabilities]], by Prof. G. Wang
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture21_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 21, Free Electron Lasers I: Low Gain Regime]]
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture22_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 22, Free Electron Lasers II: High Gain Regime]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_Lecture23.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 23, Hadron Cooling]]
* [[media:PHY_554_Lecture_24_compressed.pdf|PHY554 Lectures 24, Advanced Acceleration Methods]]
* [[media:PHY554_Lectures_25_26_comp.pdf ‎|PHY554 Lectures 25 and 26, Applications of Accelerators]]

Refreshment Classes (Physics Room D103):
* [[media:Matrix_calculus_refresher.pdf|Matrix calculus]], by Dr. Jun Ma, Friday, September 15, 10 AM
*[[media:Reading_matertials.pdf| Special relativity]], by Dr. Kai Shih, Tuesday, September 21, 10 AM
*[[media:Hamiltonian_Mechanics_6.pdf| Hamiltonian mechanics]], by Prof. Gang Wang, Friday, September 22, 10 AM
*Linear Betatron Oscillation, by Dr. Kai Shih, Monday, September 25, 10 AM
*[[media:Complex_Analysis_Refresher.pdf| Complex analysis]], by Dr. Jun Ma, Thursday, September 28, 10 AM

Home-Reading:
*[[media:Reading_matertials.pdf| Least Action Principle, Geometry of Special Relativity, Particles in E&M fields]], by Prof. Litvinenko'''
* [[media:Matrix_calculus_refresher.pdf|Matrix calculus refresher]], by Prof. V.N. Litvinenko
* [[media:Derivation_of_radiation_power.pdf|Derivations for Lecture 12, Synchrotron Radiation]], by Prof. G. Wang
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture_13_Anim.pptx| for PHY554 Lecture 13, Longitudinal beam dynamics animations]], by Prof. V.N. Litvinenko
* [[media:SC_test.txt|matlab script to test stochastic cooling, change the file name to SC_test.m]], by Prof. G. Wang
*[[media:Vector_Calculus_Refresher.pdf| Vector calculus]], by Dr. Jun Ma

Previous year lectures

* [[media:PHY554_Lecture4_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 4, Transverse (Betatron) Motion]]
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture5_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 5, Floquet Theorem, Phase space]]
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture6_F2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 6, Emittance, Closed orbit]]
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture_13_2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 13, Longitudinal beam dynamics, PDF]]
* [[media:PHY554 Lecture 14 2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 14, Beam Dynamics in an Electron Storage Ring- part 1]]
* [[media:PHY554_Lecture_15_2021.pdf|PHY554 Lecture 15, Beam Dynamics in an Electron Storage Ring- part 2]]

* [[Final exams, Part 1]]
* [[Final exams, Part 2]]

== Home Works (will be replaced with new edition for Fall 2023)==

* [[media:HW_1_2023.pdf|Homework 1]] ''' due September 13, 2023 [[media:HW_1_2023_solutions.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:HW_2_2023.pdf|Homework 2]] ''' due September 25, 2023 [[media:HW_2_2023_solutions.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_3.pdf|Homework 3]] ''' due October 11, 2023 [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_3_Soultions.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_4.pdf|Homework 4]] ''' due October 18, 2023 [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_4_Soultions.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_5.pdf|Homework 5]] ''' due October 25, 2023 [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_5_Soultions.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_6.pdf|Homework 6]] ''' due November 8, 2023 [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_6_Soultions.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_7.pdf|Homework 7]] ''' due November 15, 2023 [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_7_Soultions.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_8.pdf|Homework 8]] ''' due November 27, 2023 [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_8_solution.pdf|Solution ]]
* [[media:PHY554_2023_HW_9.pdf|Homework 9]] ''' due December 4, 2023

2021 Fall HWs
* [[media:HW 1 2021.pdf|Homework 1]] '''

* [[media:HW2 F2021.pdf|Homework 2]] '''
* [[media:HW-3.pdf|Homework 3]] '''
* [[media:HW-4.pdf|Homework 4]] '''
* [[media:HW-5.pdf|Homework 5]] '''
* [[media:PHY554_HW_6_2021.pdf|Homework 6]] '''
* [[media:PHY554 HW 7 2021.pdf|Homework 7]] '''
* [[media:PHY554_HW_9_2021.pdf|Homework 9]]'''
* [[media:PHY554_HW_12_2021.pdf|Homework 12]] '''
* [[media:PHY554_HW_13_2021.pdf|Homework 13]]'''
* [[media:PHY554_HW_14_2021.pdf|Homework 14]]'''
* [[media:PHY554_HW_15_2021.pdf|Homework 15]] ''
* [[media:PHY554_HW_16_2021.pdf|Homework 16]] '''

Students will be evaluated based on the following performances: '''final presentation on specific research paper (40%), homework assignments (40%) and class participation (20%).'''

== List of suggested projects ==
* [[media:Projects_PHY554.pdf| Suggested Projects‎]]