CASE - User contributions [en]

Al (p,n) Si

2010-08-29T01:53:41Z

TaposhiBiswas:

==Background==

The shorthand for this experiment indicates the basics of the process that will take place:

<center>27Al (p,n) 27Si</center>

In other words, protons(p) of sufficient energy incident on an 27Al target will be absorbed by the atom and knock off a neutron(n) to generate 27Si, where in both cases 27 indicates the atomic mass. However, this will only happen if the protons have sufficient energy. In this experiment, you will measure the neutron threshold, or the energy incident protons must be accelerated to in order achieve nuclear fusion.

==Accelerator Operation==

In order to acquire sufficiently energetic protons for this experiment, you will have to learn to create and direct a proton ion beam in the tandem accelerator. There are a number of components to the accelerator, which you will need to know the function of and how they will affect the nature of the proton beam.

===Components===

<ul>
<li>The [[Ion Source]]: Negative H- are created here and accelerated at relatively low energies.</li>
<li>The [[Tandem | Tandem Accelerator]]: Negative H- ions are accelerated to the center of the tandem, stripped of the electrons to create protons, and then accelerated through the rest of the tandem to a high energy.</li>
<li>The [[Target Room]]: The high energy proton beam is directed onto an aluminum foil target, hopefully creating a nuclear fusion reaction.</li>
</ul>

In addition to these main sections of the accelerator, you will need to be able to use the [[Ion Optics | ion optics]] in the accelerator effectively to steer and focus the beam.

===Technique===

To find the neutron threshold, you will have to do the experiment with protons of various different energies, both below and above the threshold.

==Data Collection==

==Analysis==

Al (p,n) Si

2010-08-28T16:47:20Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:58:40Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

<div align="center" width="50%">Insert introduction here.</div>

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:58:28Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

<div align="center" width="50%">Insert introduction here. dddddddddddddd ddddddddddddd dddddddddd ddddddddddd ddddddddd dddddddddd dddddddd dddddddddddd dddd ddddddd dddddddddddd dddddd dddddd</div>

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:58:05Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

<div align="center" width="50%">Insert introduction here. </div>

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:57:21Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

<div align="center">Insert introduction here. </div>

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:53:31Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:53:08Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

<center>[Insert introduction here.]</center>

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="50%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:52:28Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

<div>[Insert introduction here.]</div>

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="50%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-28T09:43:55Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Creation of 11C from 11B through the use of a proton beam, and study of the gamma rays produced by positron emission in 11C.

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T21:19:40Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* 11B (p,n) 11C */

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

Studying the behavior of gamma rays from <math>\Beta</math>

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:48:01Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="10%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:47:23Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="30%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] ==

An investigation of the neutron threshold for the 27Al (p,n) 27Si nuclear fusion reaction.

</div>

|width="30%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #eeeefe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==[[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]]==

</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:47:04Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:46:32Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:45:10Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:44:18Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* The Collaboration */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:43:07Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:42:45Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:42:31Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* 27Al (p,n) 27Si */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:42:00Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* Goals */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:41:30Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:39:40Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:

{|width="560" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="10" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|style="border: 0px solid #000; color: #000; background-color: #fff"|
<div style="padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em">
= Center for Accelerator Science and Education =
</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:36:45Z

TaposhiBiswas: Undo revision 288 by TaposhiBiswas (Talk)

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:35:44Z

TaposhiBiswas: Undo revision 287 by TaposhiBiswas (Talk)

Sections for the lab manuals page:
<ul>
<li>[[Theory | Theory]]</li>
<li>Parts of the Accelerator</li>
<ul>
<li>The [[Ion Source]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab ion source is a General Ionex 860A (now part of High Voltage Europa [http://www.highvolteng.com/Ion_Accelerator_Systems.html HVEE]), purchased in 1983. It is a negative ion source capable of making microAmp beams of most elements from the periodic table (exceptions include noble gases).
<li>The [[Tandem]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab accelerator is the FN-8 Tandem Van de Graaff built by High Voltage Engineering Corporation in 1967. It uses a pelletized charging chain to create voltages up to 8 Million Volts.
<li>The [[Ion Optics]]</li>
A variety of ion optical elements are used to steer and focus the beam.
<li>The [[Target Room]]</li>
The CASE NSL Target Room has 6 beamlines available for experiments in nuclear physics, atomic physics, condensed matter, radiation damage and Accelerator Mass Spectromtry.
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the 27Al (p,n) 27Si experiment</li>
<li>For the 11B (p,n) 11C experiment</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:35:30Z

TaposhiBiswas: Undo revision 286 by TaposhiBiswas (Talk)

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:34:08Z

TaposhiBiswas: Reverted edits by TaposhiBiswas (Talk) to last version by RichardLefferts

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:33:36Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* 27Al (p,n) 27Si */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:33:16Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* 27Al (p,n) 27Si */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:32:59Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* 27Al (p,n) 27Si */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:32:32Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* 27Al (p,n) 27Si */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:32:10Z

TaposhiBiswas: /* Goals */

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:27:21Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:

{| cellspacing="3" align="center"
|- valign="top"
|width="50%" style="border: 1px solid #aaa; color: #000; background-color: #efe"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

== Goals ==
The main goals of CASE are:
* To train scientists and engineers with the aim of advancing the field of accelerator science;
[[PastCourses| Courses taught by CASE Faculty]] inlcluding [[Lab Manuals | PHY 445/515 Fall 2010]]
* To develop a unique program of educational outreach that will provide broad access to a research accelerator; and,
* To attract Federal and industrial funding for an expanding interdisciplinary research and education program that utilizes accelerators.
The development of CASE capitalizes on resources at both institutions:
* The BNL [http://www.bnl.gov/cad/ardd/ Accelerator Research and Development Division] is a premier center for accelerator development in a broad spectrum of sciences, with many outstanding scientists already affiliated with and teaching at SBU; many of the SBU faculty in various fields already use the existing accelerator based facilities at BNL for their own research;
* Stony Brook University has a recently retired research accelerator – the Tandem Van de Graaff (TvDG) – whose control room has been renovated to become a modern [http://www-mariachi.physics.sunysb.edu/wiki/index.php/MARIACHI_Teaching_Lab Physics Teaching Laboratory (PTL)] that serves graduate, undergraduate students as well as K-12 teachers and students.
</div>

|width="50%" style="border: 1px solid #CAC7B6; color: #000; background-color: #fee"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">

==The Collaboration==
* [[ThomasHemmick | Dr. Thomas K. Hemmick]] CASE Director, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Physics, Stony Brook University
* [[VladimirLitvinenko | Dr. Vladimir Litvinenko]] CASE Director, Senior Scientist, Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory
* [[IlanBenZvi | Dr. Ilan Ben Zvi]] Deputy Director for Research, Senior Scientist, Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory [http://www.bnl.gov/cad/ecooling/IBZ.asp CV for Dr. Ben Zvi]
* [[MichaelMarx | Dr. Michael Marx]] Associate Vice President for Brookhaven Affairs, Professor of Physics, Stony Brook University
* [http://skipper.physics.sunysb.edu/~abhay Dr. Abhay Deshpande] Professor of Physics, Stony Brook University [http://skipper.physics.sunysb.edu/~abhay/research.html Research]
* [[PaulGrannis | Dr. Paul Grannis]] Distinguished Professor of Physics, Stony Brook University
* [[Derek Lowenstein | Dr. Derek Lowenstein]] Senior Scientist, Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory
* [[StevePeggs | Dr. Steve Peggs]] Superconducting Magnet Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory[http://www.rhichome.bnl.gov/People/peggs/ Home Page]
* [[AxelDrees | Dr. Axel Drees]] Professor of Physics, Stony Brook University
* [[LinwoodLee | Dr. Linwood Lee]] Emeritus Professor of Physics, Stony Brook University
* [[RoyLacey | Dr. Roy Lacey]] Professor of Chemistry, Stony Brook University

* [[USER:SocoroDelquaglio| Socoro Delquaglio]] Project administrator, Stony Brook University
</div>
|}

<ul>
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:26:15Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:

{|Aluminum |}

{|Boron|}
<ul>
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:22:42Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:
<ul>
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Accelerator Operation and Components

2010-08-27T15:22:12Z

TaposhiBiswas:

<ul>
<li>The [[Ion Source]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab ion source is a General Ionex 860A (now part of High Voltage Europa [http://www.highvolteng.com/Ion_Accelerator_Systems.html HVEE]), purchased in 1983. It is a negative ion source capable of making microAmp beams of most elements from the periodic table (exceptions include noble gases).
<li>The [[Tandem]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab accelerator is the FN-8 Tandem Van de Graaff built by High Voltage Engineering Corporation in 1967. It uses a pelletized charging chain to create voltages up to 8 Million Volts.
<li>The [[Ion Optics]]</li>
A variety of ion optical elements are used to steer and focus the beam.
<li>The [[Target Room]]</li>
The CASE NSL Target Room has 6 beamlines available for experiments in nuclear physics, atomic physics, condensed matter, radiation damage and Accelerator Mass Spectromtry.</li>
</ul>

Accelerator Operation and Components

2010-08-27T15:22:01Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Accelerator Operation and Components

2010-08-27T15:21:42Z

TaposhiBiswas: New page: <ul> <li>The Ion Source</li> The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab ion source is a General Ionex 860A (now part of High Voltage Europa [http://www.highvolteng.com/Ion_Accelerator_Systems.html...

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:21:37Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:
<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:21:16Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:
<ul>
<li>[[Accelerator Operation and Components]]</li>
<ul>
<li>The [[Ion Source]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab ion source is a General Ionex 860A (now part of High Voltage Europa [http://www.highvolteng.com/Ion_Accelerator_Systems.html HVEE]), purchased in 1983. It is a negative ion source capable of making microAmp beams of most elements from the periodic table (exceptions include noble gases).
<li>The [[Tandem]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab accelerator is the FN-8 Tandem Van de Graaff built by High Voltage Engineering Corporation in 1967. It uses a pelletized charging chain to create voltages up to 8 Million Volts.
<li>The [[Ion Optics]]</li>
A variety of ion optical elements are used to steer and focus the beam.
<li>The [[Target Room]]</li>
The CASE NSL Target Room has 6 beamlines available for experiments in nuclear physics, atomic physics, condensed matter, radiation damage and Accelerator Mass Spectromtry.
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:06:43Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:
<ul>
<li>Parts of the Accelerator</li>
<ul>
<li>The [[Ion Source]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab ion source is a General Ionex 860A (now part of High Voltage Europa [http://www.highvolteng.com/Ion_Accelerator_Systems.html HVEE]), purchased in 1983. It is a negative ion source capable of making microAmp beams of most elements from the periodic table (exceptions include noble gases).
<li>The [[Tandem]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab accelerator is the FN-8 Tandem Van de Graaff built by High Voltage Engineering Corporation in 1967. It uses a pelletized charging chain to create voltages up to 8 Million Volts.
<li>The [[Ion Optics]]</li>
A variety of ion optical elements are used to steer and focus the beam.
<li>The [[Target Room]]</li>
The CASE NSL Target Room has 6 beamlines available for experiments in nuclear physics, atomic physics, condensed matter, radiation damage and Accelerator Mass Spectromtry.
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:06:08Z

TaposhiBiswas:

=<center>PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory</center>=

Sections for the lab manuals page:
<ul>
<li>[[Theory | Theory]]</li>
<li>Parts of the Accelerator</li>
<ul>
<li>The [[Ion Source]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab ion source is a General Ionex 860A (now part of High Voltage Europa [http://www.highvolteng.com/Ion_Accelerator_Systems.html HVEE]), purchased in 1983. It is a negative ion source capable of making microAmp beams of most elements from the periodic table (exceptions include noble gases).
<li>The [[Tandem]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab accelerator is the FN-8 Tandem Van de Graaff built by High Voltage Engineering Corporation in 1967. It uses a pelletized charging chain to create voltages up to 8 Million Volts.
<li>The [[Ion Optics]]</li>
A variety of ion optical elements are used to steer and focus the beam.
<li>The [[Target Room]]</li>
The CASE NSL Target Room has 6 beamlines available for experiments in nuclear physics, atomic physics, condensed matter, radiation damage and Accelerator Mass Spectromtry.
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:05:07Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:03:00Z

TaposhiBiswas:

Lab Manuals

2010-08-27T15:02:44Z

TaposhiBiswas:

<center>=PHY 415/515: Senior/Graduate Laboratory=</center>

Sections for the lab manuals page:
<ul>
<li>[[Theory | Theory]]</li>
<li>Parts of the Accelerator</li>
<ul>
<li>The [[Ion Source]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab ion source is a General Ionex 860A (now part of High Voltage Europa [http://www.highvolteng.com/Ion_Accelerator_Systems.html HVEE]), purchased in 1983. It is a negative ion source capable of making microAmp beams of most elements from the periodic table (exceptions include noble gases).
<li>The [[Tandem]]</li>
The CASE Nuclear Structure Lab accelerator is the FN-8 Tandem Van de Graaff built by High Voltage Engineering Corporation in 1967. It uses a pelletized charging chain to create voltages up to 8 Million Volts.
<li>The [[Ion Optics]]</li>
A variety of ion optical elements are used to steer and focus the beam.
<li>The [[Target Room]]</li>
The CASE NSL Target Room has 6 beamlines available for experiments in nuclear physics, atomic physics, condensed matter, radiation damage and Accelerator Mass Spectromtry.
<li>Detection</li>
<ul>
<li>For the [[Al (p,n) Si | 27Al (p,n) 27Si]] experiment</li>
<li>For the [[B (p,n) C | 11B (p,n) 11C]] experiment</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>[[Radiation Safety]]</li>
<li>[[Phy 445/515 Calendar]]</li>
</ul>

Faraday Cups

2010-08-27T15:00:08Z

TaposhiBiswas:

A Faraday cup is a device that measures the beam current, or how strong an ion beam is. It is very useful for ascertaining that the beam is aligned properly. There are a number of Faraday cups in our system:

===LE (low energy) Faraday Cup===

Located downstream of the [[Ion Optics | ion optics]] in the [[Ion Source| ion source]], and upstream of the [[tandem]]. Maximizing beam current at the LE cup should mean that the ionizer is functioning, and that the beam is aligned effectively to enter the tandem for acceleration.

===HE (high energy) Faraday Cup===

Located downstream of the [[tandem]], and upstream of the high-energy [[Ion Optics | ion optics]]. Maximizing beam current at the HE cup means that the tandem has successfully accelerated the ion beam, and that this beam may now be manipulated for into the target room to create the nuclear fusion reaction.

===IM1 (Image 1) Faraday Cup===

This cup was for use with the LINAC and is now defunct.

===IM2 (Image 2) Faraday Cup===

Located downstream of the analyzer magnet, [[slits]], and high energy [[Ion Optics | ion optics]]; located upstream of the [[Target Room | target room]]. Maximize the beam current to this cup by adjusting the levels of the high energy optical elements.

Faraday Cups

2010-08-27T14:56:48Z

TaposhiBiswas:

A Faraday cup is a device that measures the beam current, or how strong an ion beam is. It is very useful for ascertaining that the beam is aligned properly. There are a number of Faraday cups in our system:

===LE (low energy) Faraday Cup===

Located downstream of the [[ion optics]] in the [[ion source]], and upstream of the [[tandem]]. Maximizing beam current at the LE cup should mean that the ionizer is functioning, and that the beam is aligned effectively to enter the tandem for acceleration.

===HE (high energy) Faraday Cup===

Located downstream of the [[tandem]], and upstream of the high-energy [[ion optics]]. Maximizing beam current at the HE cup means that the tandem has successfully accelerated the ion beam, and that this beam may now be manipulated for into the target room to create the nuclear fusion reaction.

===IM1 (Image 1) Faraday Cup===

This cup was for use with the LINAC and is now defunct.

===IM2 (Image 2) Faraday Cup===

Located downstream of the analyzer magnet, [[slits]], and high energy [[ion optics]]; located upstream of the [[target room]].

Faraday Cups

2010-08-27T14:45:54Z

TaposhiBiswas: New page: A Faraday cup is a device that measures the beam current, or how strong an ion beam is. It is very useful for ascertaining that the beam is aligned properly. There are a number of Faraday ...

Ion Source

2010-08-27T14:40:11Z

TaposhiBiswas:

==Background==

Herein should be a general intro to ion sources, negative ion sources and our source. A set of links should include one to National Electrostatic Corporations page on their [http://www.pelletron.com/negion.htm SNICS].

The ion source we will be using will be producing negative ions, which is essential because of the way that the tandem accelerator works (see [[Tandem]]). You should be familiar with all of the components of the ion source, understand what they can do and how you can use them to help you. In addition, all of these components are controlled with [[http://www.ni.com/labview/ LabVIEW]], so you should develop a basic understanding of how LabVIEW works and how to use it.

===The Cesium Boiler===

Warning: Cesium is a metal in group 1 of the periodic table. This means that like the rest of the group 1 metals (Li, Na, K), it reacts violently with water. So the cesium metal is stored in an airtight glass vial to protect it from oxidizing with water vapor in the air. To load the cesium boiler, the vial must be broken in a dry box, and care must be taken in washing unreacted cesium out of the boiler's storage boat.

The cesium boiler is simply an oven that stores and vaporizes cesium metal. Its temperature is controlled through the current on the boiler power supply.

===The Ionizer===

After the cesium has been evaporated, it condenses in a thin film on the ionizer. This component's function is twofold; it is heated to give Cs atoms enough energy to throw off an electron and ionize to Cs+, and it is held at a potential to ensure that these positive particles are focused onto the cathode and sample cone.

===The Cathode===

The cathode is held at about -15 kV, attracting the Cs+ ions and impacting them into the sample cone (which contains titanium infused with hydrogen). Negative H-ions "splash" out of the sample cone; due to the shapes of the potential surfaces defined by the cathode and ionizer potentials, these ions are focused into a beam, while other extraneous ions (including the Cs+ ions) are scattered.

===The Extraction Electrode===

The extraction electrode is held at about 15 kV and takes the beam of H- ions and accelerates them through a series of [[Ion Optics | optical components]] (Y-Steerer, einzel lens, GS Triplet, LE Steerer). The effectiveness of these beam optics can be judged by measuring the beam current at the [[Faraday Cups | LE Faraday cup]].

==Operation==

===Preparation===

* Checks: DI water, Vacuum, Gates
* Isolating vacuum and preparing Turbo to be off
* Switching AC Power source
* Restoring vacuum
* Turning on power supplies at Table, Magnet and Source stations
* Closing the Cage
* Opening LE Tube Valve
* Turning on Cathode (-15 kV), Extraction (15 kV) and Glassman (table/injection/pre-accel power supply) (170 kV)

===Start-up===
This section has been written. We'll find it ....
Or slap out a quick and dirty version:

* Ensure that the ion source drive shaft is on, vacuum is good, power supplies are on, gate is closed, LE Tube valve is open
* Ensure that the control system is running. On MasterRT.vi front panel do the rest.
* Ensure that the LE Faraday Cup is in (Green, as of 8/21/2010) and that the selector switch sends that current to the electrometer
* Ensure that the Extraction Voltage is ~15 kV, the Inflection Magnet is near a useful ion mass (1, 12 or 16 are good choices).
* Raise the ionizer voltage to 8V gradually over a few minutes. Do not exceed 22 Amps. You will observe the heating of the Tantalum by an increase in the resistance of the ionizer. OK, at the very end you may exceed 22 amps if required to reach 8V.
* Set other parameters to likely values:
** Einzel Lens to 3 kV
** Variable Steerer to same as Fixed Steerer
** Ground Station Triplet X to 1.1KV and Y to 1.2KV
** LE Steerer H to -700V and V to +1100 V (note, these units are bogus as of 8/2010)
* Once the ionizer has 8V (~175 Watts) raise the Cathode Voltage slowly. If you see rapid changes to the Extraction Voltage/current or cathode current or a decrease in the ionizer current there may be sparking. In this case, lower the cathode voltage below the sparking point and wait. Increase slowly. A good first value will be 2 kV.

===Tuning===

* Observe the LE Faraday Cup current on the electrometer. Note that it should be negative. Recently we have found that one must wait 15 minutes for current to appear: Don't Panic. Once current appears you can tune all of the above mentioned parameters (not the ionizer, however!).
** If there is no current, note your starting value and scan the Inflection magnet. Hint: mass 16 will be present for any sample unless there is something wrong with the set-up.

===Troubleshooting===

If the beam cannot be found or has a low beam current:
*The cesium boiler can be "pushed"; more current means a higher temperature, which means more vaporized Cs, which means more ionized Cs+, which means more of a "splash" from the target.
*The ionizer may not be working as expected; if Cs is not ionized it will not be focused effectively, and the sample will be relatively untouched.

Return to [[Lab Manuals]]

Ion Source

2010-08-27T14:37:23Z

TaposhiBiswas:

==Background==

Herein should be a general intro to ion sources, negative ion sources and our source. A set of links should include one to National Electrostatic Corporations page on their [http://www.pelletron.com/negion.htm SNICS].

The ion source we will be using will be producing negative ions, which is essential because of the way that the tandem accelerator works (see [[Tandem]]). You should be familiar with all of the components of the ion source, understand what they can do and how you can use them to help you. In addition, all of these components are controlled with [[http://www.ni.com/labview/ LabVIEW]], so you should develop a basic understanding of how LabVIEW works and how to use it.

===The Cesium Boiler===

Warning: Cesium is a metal in group 1 of the periodic table. This means that like the rest of the group 1 metals (Li, Na, K), it reacts violently with water. So the cesium metal is stored in an airtight glass vial to protect it from oxidizing with water vapor in the air. To load the cesium boiler, the vial must be broken in a dry box, and care must be taken in washing unreacted cesium out of the boiler's storage boat.

The cesium boiler is simply an oven that stores and vaporizes cesium metal. Its temperature is controlled through the current on the boiler power supply.

===The Ionizer===

After the cesium has been evaporated, it condenses in a thin film on the ionizer. This component's function is twofold; it is heated to give Cs atoms enough energy to throw off an electron and ionize to Cs+, and it is held at a potential to ensure that these positive particles are focused onto the cathode and sample cone.

===The Cathode===

The cathode is held at about -15 kV, attracting the Cs+ ions and impacting them into the sample cone (which contains titanium infused with hydrogen). Negative H-ions "splash" out of the sample cone; due to the shapes of the potential surfaces defined by the cathode and ionizer potentials, these ions are focused into a beam, while other extraneous ions (including the Cs+ ions) are scattered.

===The Extraction Electrode===

The extraction electrode is held at about 15 kV and takes the beam of H- ions and accelerates them through a series of [[Ion Optics | optical components]].

==Operation==

===Preparation===

* Checks: DI water, Vacuum, Gates
* Isolating vacuum and preparing Turbo to be off
* Switching AC Power source
* Restoring vacuum
* Turning on power supplies at Table, Magnet and Source stations
* Closing the Cage
* Opening LE Tube Valve
* Turning on Cathode (-15 kV), Extraction (15 kV) and Glassman (table/injection/pre-accel power supply) (170 kV)

===Start-up===
This section has been written. We'll find it ....
Or slap out a quick and dirty version:

* Ensure that the ion source drive shaft is on, vacuum is good, power supplies are on, gate is closed, LE Tube valve is open
* Ensure that the control system is running. On MasterRT.vi front panel do the rest.
* Ensure that the LE Faraday Cup is in (Green, as of 8/21/2010) and that the selector switch sends that current to the electrometer
* Ensure that the Extraction Voltage is ~15 kV, the Inflection Magnet is near a useful ion mass (1, 12 or 16 are good choices).
* Raise the ionizer voltage to 8V gradually over a few minutes. Do not exceed 22 Amps. You will observe the heating of the Tantalum by an increase in the resistance of the ionizer. OK, at the very end you may exceed 22 amps if required to reach 8V.
* Set other parameters to likely values:
** Einzel Lens to 3 kV
** Variable Steerer to same as Fixed Steerer
** Ground Station Triplet X to 1.1KV and Y to 1.2KV
** LE Steerer H to -700V and V to +1100 V (note, these units are bogus as of 8/2010)
* Once the ionizer has 8V (~175 Watts) raise the Cathode Voltage slowly. If you see rapid changes to the Extraction Voltage/current or cathode current or a decrease in the ionizer current there may be sparking. In this case, lower the cathode voltage below the sparking point and wait. Increase slowly. A good first value will be 2 kV.

===Tuning===

* Observe the LE Faraday Cup current on the electrometer. Note that it should be negative. Recently we have found that one must wait 15 minutes for current to appear: Don't Panic. Once current appears you can tune all of the above mentioned parameters (not the ionizer, however!).
** If there is no current, note your starting value and scan the Inflection magnet. Hint: mass 16 will be present for any sample unless there is something wrong with the set-up.

===Troubleshooting===

If the beam cannot be found or has a low beam current:
*The cesium boiler can be "pushed"; more current means a higher temperature, which means more vaporized Cs, which means more ionized Cs+, which means more of a "splash" from the target.
*The ionizer may not be working as expected; if Cs is not ionized it will not be focused effectively, and the sample will be relatively untouched.

Return to [[Lab Manuals]]