Difference between revisions of "PHY695 fall 2025"
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*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]''' | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8BDA2O0RcVpq7vo2hlFDtod2kGOWfXK/view?usp=sharing Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I]''' | ||
*'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]''' | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rhFMmjEJiee-_xJJmtUXzvJ6cIrsn-1w/view?usp=sharing Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design]''' | ||
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v09pgTV0HEpPB2TLCJcC6zNWsdK-X3tC/view?usp=sharing Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTqDDepjZSPylYqsDYyfXwrFnchjEhJ4/view?usp=sharing Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1al6vU5Gi3sSb83bVBmui1gmO0oHSPo4r/view?usp=sharing Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEnl1qfWwU9VH8tuDxLxqrEFSco9WfWc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HMIUybeYn-OsYkUJkkpWiohkUwxG39jo/view?usp=sharing Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1364puYISyd5RfqPR9-cjUOCduInxnTJO/view?usp=sharing Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators]''' |
| − | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1627A9wouPiziocZO_WbELTzcsghwnw7_/view?usp=sharing Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators]''' | |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKTYDOqHHe0ayHARQWjtOX1KYQuZdILr/view?usp=sharing Lecture 21: SRF - invited]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LyyJFSmZGh_pE9M2ywrIo6FXe-TD5QM5/view?usp=sharing Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]''' |
| − | *'''[LINK will be added Lecture 23: | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kUkDz2A40y7mFtnoxlB8cvlIeSbdteFb/view?usp=sharing Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]''' |
| − | *'''[LINK will be added Lecture 25: | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gi6oioe8yWTWXTJVqrKjQGEqvosNkXJs/view?usp=sharing Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qdQSet9PZlqikkP7KMHPR0F2HoCJynrV/view?usp=sharing Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PJtOexym0dRHfo1OtuAkLpIAHdvdE4-A/view?usp=sharing Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sdxF_iEgk9BwlP0AjahvwUqok5KD0d2i/view?usp=sharing Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S_-S0ZyceTm4dY2Q_cVIRMZhO3_wisnX/view?usp=sharing Lecture 30: Cryostat design]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKyWEpWztVwvMzk4fdaR4rg6l8camPFc/view?usp=sharing Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | *'''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z1xCTc9M969zpKuqp4DZWWgl8MbGYnSE/view?usp=sharing Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions]''' |
| − | *'''[ | + | |
== Homework== | == Homework== | ||
| − | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4: | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1j34BU2xgn13y09-R2FTWhwP3EtMqyR-Y/view?usp=drive_link Homework 1]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025 |
| − | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4: | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o_oSwyDvA_MNjDjacCCUtjTUWIVSz5Lz/view?usp=sharing Homework 2]] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025 |
| − | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4: | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lnr70Sl9NNO96Au6a-_-di5GZQ3JU_2X/view?usp=sharing Homework 3]] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025 |
| − | *'''[[ | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e1qYwEmFXQ0n_jlxSi6hHgEgSL4StRwH/view?usp=sharing Homework 4]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025 |
| − | *'''[[ | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NYkWEaufrx4d4DybzsqUUubt_WddkMu6/view?usp=sharing Homework 5]] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025 |
Homework review sessions | Homework review sessions | ||
*'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025''' | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DrvDMPFTchvdNbBwE1wc3oCCgCOP1ImJ/view?usp=drive_link Session 1]] September 11, 2025''' | ||
| − | *'''[[ | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5BLhMAJhCOi1rFAd89F-WIvmwwSvyqk/view?usp=sharing Session 2]] September 30, 2025''' |
| − | *'''[[ | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xv81k-8_1M-Pq-hiFk5brx3Ciw66EeO-/view?usp=sharing Session 3]] October 16, 2025''' |
| − | *'''[[ | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PBgBRPbreklLNGYzbKufukS4498Xol_RX/view?usp=sharing Session 4]] November 20, 2025''' |
| − | *'''[[ | + | *'''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mo8z7SSHfuZBpLb8_ZO0N0rndDgBwwvXX/view?usp=sharing Session 5]] November 27, 2025''' |
| − | '''[[ | + | '''[[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ozZODqcUO9dCKJlZ96qXz9hG_-4x0SRO/view?usp=sharing Final Exam]] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm''' |
Latest revision as of 01:20, 5 December 2025
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Contents
Course Overview
This graduate level course covers fundamental aspects of cryogenics systems and engineering properties of materials and fluids at low temperatures, cryogenic heat transfer and fluid dynamics, and low temperature refrigeration systems. Special focus will be on the physics and engineering aspects of liquid helium, ultra-pure liquid argon, and sub-Kelvin systems and their application in the cooling of contemporary particle accelerators, detectors, and sensors.
The course is intended for graduate students pursuing accelerator physics as well as graduate engineers and physicists who want to familiarize themselves with cryogenics.
Course Content
The course will begin with an introduction to cryogenics, including a brief history of the low temperature field and temperature measurement. The properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures and cryogenic fluids will then be discussed. Achieving cryogenic temperatures will be described, with particular emphasis on liquefaction and closed cycle refrigeration, followed by discussion of fluid and superfluid properties of helium. The discussion of refrigeration technologies will be extended below 1 Kelvin with the introduction of Helium-3 cryogenics and the dilution refrigerator, among other techniques. The concept of Argon purification to parts per trillion levels to enable very high purity neutrino experiments is also introduced. Finally, the related fields of cryogenic instrumentation and cryogenic safety will be presented.
Learning Goals
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics behavior of systems and materials operating at cryogenic temperatures, and the technologies used to achieve and maintain temperatures at and below that of liquid helium. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of cryogenic technologies to particle accelerators and quantum technologies.
Textbook and suggested materials
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of thermodynamics.
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:
- K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, Cryogenic Process Engineering, Plenum (1989).
Additional suggested reference books:
- F. Pobell, Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures, Third Edition, Springer (2007).
- S. W. Van Sciver, Helium Cryogenics, Second Edition, Springer (2012).
- J. W. Ekin, Experimental Techniques for Low Temperature Measurements, Oxford (2006).
Grades
This course includes a series of lectures and exercise sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and answers provided in the exercise sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).
Lecture Notes
- Lecture 1: Introduction, course goals and introduction to cryogenic engineering
- Lecture 2: Thermodynamics for cryogenics
- Lecture 3: Properties of cryogenics fluids
- Lecture 4: Superfluid helium properties
- Lecture 5: Low temperature properties of materials
- [LINK will be added Lecture 6: LCLS-II Cryogenics - invited]
- Lecture 7: Cryogenic Fluid Mechanics
- Lecture 8: Cryogenic Heat Transfer
- Lecture 9: Liquid argon cryogenics
- Lecture 10: Liquid argon cryogenics - Part 2 - Same link as Lecture 9
- Lecture 11: Cryogenic cycles
- Lecture 12: Liquefaction and Refrigeration
- Lecture 13: Cryogenic Instrumentation I
- Lecture 14: Basics of cryogenic systems design
- Lecture 15: Cryogenic storage
- Lecture 16: Introduction to Sub-1 Kelvin cryogenics
- Lecture 17: Materials and other considerations at Sub-1 Kelvin temperatures
- Lecture 18: Quantum Computing and Information
- Lecture 18: CMB Astrophysics
- Lecture 19: Pumped Helium-4 and Helium-3 refrigerators
- Lecture 20: Dilution Refrigerators
- Lecture 21: SRF - invited
- Lecture 22: Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators
- [LINK will be added Lecture 23: PIP-II Cryo Systems - invited]
- Lecture 24: Cryogenics Instrumentation II - Thermometry
- [LINK will be added Lecture 25: Nuclear Demagnetization and Pomeranchuk Cooling]
- Lecture 26: Thermoacoustic Oscillations
- Lecture 27: Cryogenic safety
- Lecture 28: LBNF/DUNE - invited
- Lecture 29: Helium-II Cryogenic system
- Lecture 30: Cryostat design
- Lecture 31: Cryogenic Controls
- Class Recap and Final Exam Instructions
Homework
- [Homework 1] Due at 4:30 PM on September 11, 2025
- [Homework 2] Due at 4:30 PM on September 30, 2025
- [Homework 3] Due at 4:30 PM on October 16, 2025
- [Homework 4] Due at 4:30 PM on November 20, 2025
- [Homework 5] Due at 4:30 PM on November 27, 2025
Homework review sessions
- [Session 1] September 11, 2025
- [Session 2] September 30, 2025
- [Session 3] October 16, 2025
- [Session 4] November 20, 2025
- [Session 5] November 27, 2025
[Final Exam] due December 14, 2025 at 11:59pm
