PHY691 spring 2023
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Contents
High Tech Tools
- Accelerators produced the first man-made high energy particle beams a century ago. Over that century, they have been at the forefront of high-tech, subject to frantic development. Accelerators today are the inescapable tools of research, medicine, industry, under a variety of forms, from small things to gigantic machines and installations, including
- cyclotrons, synchrotrons for the production of cancer tumor therapy beams,
- electron storage rings for the production of UV and X-ray beams,
- linear accelerators for the production of laser X-rays,
- colliders for nuclear and particle physics research: the largest tools ever built !
- microtrons, betatrons and other wham- bam- slam-atrons for industrial applications.
- Two examples of challenging R&D areas, these days:
- The Electron Ion Collider at BNL, a worldwide collaboration for a facility based on tens of accelerators of different types: high-energy synchrotrons, Linacs, polarized particle sources, beam lines of all sorts,
- FLASH radio-therapy, an emerging cancer tumor treatment technique which holds the promise of affordable access to ion-beam cancer-tumor therapy for anyone in need, and requires an as yet never reached radiation dose of 100s of Gy in a fraction of a second flash.
Course Overview
- This course is An Introduction to Particle Accelerators, Hands On, based on beam optics and beam dynamics computer simulations.
- During this course we will manipulate/guide/accelerate to the speed of light charged particles and particle beams, using computer models of these style of accelerators. The objective: learn about these various acceleration methods, how they work, beam optics, design and engineering aspects, understand their applications. We will do this in a virtual world of accelerator and beam simulations on computer, just like accelerator physicists and designers do in their labs, working as a team.
- This will allow discovering the basic theoretical and practical aspects of their main technological components: magnets and radio-wave cavities. Learning the principles of beam dynamics via numerical simulations will involve a couple of dedicated, popular accelerator simulation codes. With these we will, as time allows, manipulate beams in cyclotrons, produce synchrotron radiation, accelerate polarized ion beams and watch their spins dance, etc.
- In confronting basic accelerator theory with numerical simulation outcomes, the course introduces to a wide variety of applied mathematics and numerical methods, from ODE solving to Fourier analysis to interpolation techniques. Popular software tools will be used such as gnuplot (plotting), latex (writing your reports, your slide presentations), python.
- This course fosters programming, computing and system software skills, knowledge of computer languages. In a general manner, it will require the students to carry out some programming, program debugging sometimes, and other computer science tasks, as part of the game.
- So... Yes! You'll need your laptop, it will be your essential tool. Preferred system: linux. MAC is ok. Otherwise, a linux emulator or equivalent capabilities. A Fortran compiler is needed, gfortran for instance. Have gnuplot operational on your system.
Course Content
- During the course we will navigate, in the manner described in the "Course Overview" above, through the following list of topics, as time allows, and not necessarily in this order :
- early 1900s electrostatic components, the AGS "electric analog", today's storage rings
- early 1930s cyclotron, isochronous cyclotron, CW acceleration, 1960s spin dynamics
- 1944's microtron, racetrack microtron, more spin dynamics
- 1940's betatron, betatron motion, induction acceleration
- 1945's synchro-cyclotron, longitudinal stability, synchronous acceleration
- 1945's weak focusing pulsed synchrotron, 1950s and XXI-st century strong focusing synchrotron, depolarizing resonances
- 1955s FFAG accelerators
- XXI-st century mass separators, mass spectrometers, beam lines
- Numerical experiments - the every day's task - will include a variety of beam physics and dynamics topics drawn from such themes as
- focusing, periodic stability, acceleration,
- phase space motion,
- non-linear dynamics, resonances, defects and tolerances
- production of synchrotron radiation, Poynting vector, spectral brightness,
- polarization and other Siberian snakes,
- radio-biological/medical beam manipulations,
- in-flight particle decay of short-lived particles,
- beam purification, spectrometry.
Learning Goals
- The course will prepare graduate students with no prior experience for the understanding of the dynamics of charged particle beams, and of the design of particle accelerators. Running computer programs has a variety of goals : applying numerical methods to solve problems for which analytical methods have limitations; producing, collecting, analyzing and understanding numerical simulation data; presenting and reporting results using appropriate media. This course will allow students to reach an appropriate level of knowledge to thrive in the field of particle accelerator R&D, if so desired.
- Following completion of this study/computer lab period, students will have learned/increased their knowledge, in various domains, including
- The history of particle accelerators
- Beam optics
- Physics and dynamics of charge particle beams, their manipulation
- Application of accelerators: medical, X-ray source, the quest for fundamental particles
- Synchrotron radiation, spin dynamics and other Siberian snakes
- Programing, debugging, using big computer codes
- Many other aspects of particle accelerator science and technology
- And reporting: via real-world style of scientific written reports and other slide presentations.
Textbook and suggested materials
- Recommended readings in preparation for the course:
- In "CAS - CERN Accelerator School : 5th General Accelerator Physics Course", Yellow-Report CERN-94-01, (http://cds.cern.ch/record/261062/files/p1.pdf):
A brief history and review of accelerators, P.J. Bryant, (pp.1-14),
- In CASE PHY554 (http://case.physics.stonybrook.edu/index.php/PHY554_fall_2016#Lecture_Notes):
Lectures 4-7 and 13-14, by Profs. V.N. Litvinenko, Y. Jing, Yue Hao.
- Documents taken from the "Course Schedule" below, as needed, will complete these readings.
Grading
- Students, rather than he instructor! will be active most of the time during the course: constructing accelerators, manipulating and accelerating particle beams, discussing their progress, programming/debugging. Home work will be largely based on pursuing or "finishing" the studies undertaken during the course. A preferred way of returning the "home work" will be under the form of short written scientific-style reports, or slide presentations to the class, or both, by individuals or 2~3 student teams.
Participation during the class - 40% of the grade Completion of homework assignments - 40% of the grade Homework return reports and/or slides: document and presentation quality - 40% of the grade (The total is 120%, yes)
Course Schedule
- The course schedule will follow the "Course Content" above, yet not necessarily in that order, as time allows, and with much flexibility as to the topics and the time spent on each topic, depending on the difficulty, students' interest, etc.
- Period 0:
Introduction to this 14 week course
Introduction to the Planet of the Accelerators
A stepwise particle tracker engine: getting started
- Period 1: Cyclotron
Classical Cyclotron - Theory Reminder / Computer Lab work
[[media: |Computer Lab work - Solutions]]
Relativistic Cyclotron - Theory Reminder / Computer Lab work
[[media: |Computer Lab work - Solutions]]
- Period 2: synchro-cyclotron, betatron
Theory Reminder / Computer Lab work
- Period 3: synchrotron, weak focusing
Theory Reminder / Computer Lab work
Computer Lab work - Exercises
Computer Lab work - Solutions
- Period 4: synchrotron, strong focusing
Theory Reminder / Computer Lab work
- Period 5: Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators - Scaling FFAG
Theory Reminder / Computer Lab work
Computer Lab work - Solutions
- Period 6: Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators - Linear FFAG
Theory Reminder / Computer Lab work
- Period 6: Light source
- Period 7: Circular collider
- Phase 8: Spectrometry
